1 National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. What is pulmonary embolism? www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/.
2 Handler JA, Feied CF. Acute pulmonary embolism. Aggressive therapy with anticoagulants and thrombolytics. Postgrad Med 1995;97:61-2, 65-8, 71-2.
3 Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, Stiell I, Dreyer JF, Barnes D, et al. Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and d-dimer. Ann Intern Med 2001; 17;135:98-107.
4 Adams DM, Stevens SM, Woller SC, Evans RS, Lloyd JF, Snow GL, et al. Adherence to PIOPED II investigators’ recommendations for computed tomography pulmonary angiography. Am J Med 2013; 126:36-42.
5 Stein PD, Hull RD, Ghali WA, Patel KC, Olson RE, Meyers FA, et al. Tracking the uptake of evidence: two decades of hospital practice trends for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1213-9.
6 Smith-Bindman R, Miglioretti DL, Larson EB. Rising use of diagnostic medical imaging in a large integrated health system. Health Aff (Millwood) 2008; 27:1491-502.
7 Weiss CR, Scatarige JC, Diette GB, Haponik EF, Merriman B, Fishman EK. CT pulmonary angiography is the first-line imaging test for acute pulmonary embolism: a survey of US clinicians. Acad Radiol 2006; 13:434-46.
8 Smith-Bindman R, Miglioretti DL, Johnson E, Lee C, Feigelson HS, Flynn M, et al. Use of diagnostic imaging studies and associated radiation exposure for patients enrolled in large integrated health care systems, 1996-2010. JAMA 2012; 307:2400-9.
9 Calder KK, Herbert M, Henderson SO. The mortality of untreated pulmonary embolism in emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:302-10.
10 Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, Kim KP, Mahesh M, Gould R, et al. Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169:2078-86.
11 Remy-Jardin M, Pistolesi M, Goodman LR, Gefter WB, Gottschalk A, Mayo JR, et al. Management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism in the era of CT angiography: a statement from the Fleischner Society. Radiology 2007; 245:315-29.
12 Gottlieb RH. Imaging for whom: patient or physician? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185:1399-403.
13 Rohacek M, Buatsi J, Szucs-Farkas Z, Kleim B, Zimmermann H, Exadaktylos A, et al. Ordering CT pulmonary angiography to exclude pulmonary embolism: defense versus evidence in the emergency room. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38:1345-51.
14 Duff Wilson A. Many new drugs have strong dose of media hype. Seattle Times 2010 Mar 16. http://seattletimes.com/html/health/sick4.html.
15 PreventDVT.org. About the Coalition to Prevent Deep-Vein Thrombosis. www.preventdvt. org/coalition/about.aspx.
16 Ghaye B. Peripheral pulmonary embolism on multidetector CT pulmonary angiography. JBR-BTR 2007; 90:100-8.
17 Stein PD, Henry JW. Prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism in central and subsegmental pulmonary arteries and relation to probability interpretation of ventilation/perfusion lung scans. Chest 1997; 111:1246-8.
18 Carrier M, Righini M, Wells PS, Perrier A, Anderson DR, Rodger MA, et al. Subsegmental pulmonary embolism diagnosed by computed tomography: incidence and clinical implications. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the management outcome studies. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1716-22.
19 Goodman LR. Small pulmonary emboli: what do we know? Radiology 2005; 23:654-8.
20 Minet C, Lugosi M, Savoye PY, Menez C, Ruckly S, Bonadona A, et al. Pulmonary embolism in mechanically ventilated patients requiring computed tomography: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:3202-8.
21 Ritchie G, McGurk S, McCreath C, Graham C, Murchison JT. Prospective evaluation of unsuspected pulmonary embolism on contrast enhanced multidetector CT (MDCT) scanning. Thorax 2007; 62:536-40.
22 Schultz DJ, Brasel KJ, Washington L, Goodman LR, Quickel RR, Lipchik RJ, et al. Incidence of asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in moderately to severely injured trauma patients. J Trauma 2004; 56:727-31; discussion 731-3.
23 Robin ED. Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of pulmonary embolism: the emperor may have no clothes. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87:775-81.
24 Donato AA, Khoche S, Santora J, Wagner B. Clinical outcomes in patients with isolated subsegmental pulmonary emboli diagnosed by multidetector CT pulmonary angiography. Thromb Res 2010;126:e266-70.
25 Heit JA, Lahr BD, Petterson TM, Bailey KR, Ashrani AA, Melton LJ 3rd. Heparin and warfarin anticoagulation intensity as predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Blood 2011; 118:4992-9.
26 Wiener RS, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S. Time trends in pulmonary embolism in the United States: evidence of overdiagnosis. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171:831-7.
27 Burge AJ, Freeman KD, Klapper PJ, Haramati LB. Increased diagnosis of pulmonary embolism without a corresponding decline in mortality during the CT era. Clin Radiol 2008; 63:381-6.
28 DeMonaco NA, Dang Q, Kapoor WN, Ragni MV. Pulmonary embolism incidence is increasing with use of spiral computed tomography. Am J Med 2008; 121:611-7.
29 Sheh SH, Bellin E, Freeman KD, Haramati LB. Pulmonary embolism diagnosis and mortality with pulmonary CT angiography versus ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy: evidence of overdiagnosis with CT? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 198:1340-5.
30 Anderson DR, Kahn SR, Rodger MA, Kovacs MJ, Morris T, Hirsch A, et al. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007; 298:2743-53.
31 Auer RC, Schulman AR, Tuorto S, Gonen M, Gonsalves J, Schwartz L, et al. Use of helical CT is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary emboli in cancer patients with no change in the number of fatal pulmonary emboli. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208:871-8; discussion 878-80.
32 Parvizi J, Smith EB, Pulido L, Mamelak J, Morrison WB, Purtill JJ, et al. The rise in the incidence of pulmonary embolus after joint arthroplasty: is modern imaging to blame? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007; 463:107-13.
33 Prologo JD, Gilkeson RC, Diaz M, Asaad J. CT pulmonary angiography: a comparative analysis of the utilization patterns in emergency department and hospitalized patients between 1998 and 2003. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;183:1093-6.
34 Wysowski DK, Nourjah P, Swartz L. Bleeding complications with warfarin use: a prevalent adverse effect resulting in regulatory action. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:1414-9.
35 Park B, Messina L, Dargon P, Huang W, Ciocca R, Anderson FA. Recent trends in clinical outcomes and resource utilization for pulmonary embolism in the United States: findings from the nationwide inpatient sample. Chest 2009; 36:983-90.
36 Bullano MF, Willey V, Hauch O, Wygant G, Spyropoulos AC, Hoffman L. Longitudinal evaluation of health plan cost per venous thromboembolism or bleed event in patients with a prior venous thromboembolism event during hospitalization. J Manag Care Pharm 2005; 11:663-73.
37 Gage BF. Cost of dabigatran for atrial fibrillation. BMJ 2011; 343:d6980.
38 Tapson VF. Acute pulmonary embolism: comment on “time trends in pulmonary embolism in the United States.” Arch Intern Med 2011; 171:837-9.
39 Lapner ST, Kaeron C. Diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism. BMJ 2013; 346:f757.
40 Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galie N, Pruszczyk P, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2008; 29:2276-315.
41 British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee Pulmonary Embolism Guideline Development Group. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Thorax 2003; 58:470-83.
42 Choosing wisely: an initiative of the American Board of Internal Medicine. Lists. http:// choosingwisely.org/?page_id=13.
43 Van Belle A, Buller HR, Huisman MV, Huisman PM, Kaasjager K, Kamphuisen PW, et al. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA
2006; 295:172-9.
44 Perrier A, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Le Gal G, Meyer G, Gourdier AL, et al. Multidetector-row computed tomography in suspected pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1760-8.
45 Raja AS, Ip IK, Prevedello LM, Sodickson AD, Farkas C, Zane RD, et al. Effect of computerized clinical decision support on the use and yield of CT pulmonary angiography in the emergency department. Radiology 2012;262:468-74.
46 Mettler FA Jr, Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, Mahesh M. Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog. Radiology 2008;248:254-63.
47 Hall WB, Truitt SG, Scheunemann LP, Shah SA, Rivera MP, Parker LA, et al. The prevalence of clinically relevant incidental findings on chest computed tomographic angiograms ordered to diagnose pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1961-5.
48 Stein EG, Haramati LB, Chamarthy M, Sprayregen S, Davitt MM, Freeman LM. Success
of a safe and simple algorithm to reduce use of CT pulmonary angiography in the emergency department. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194:392-7.
49 Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis. 9th ed. American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012;141(suppl 2):e419-94S.
50 Stein PD, Goodman LR, Hull RD, Dalen JE, Matta F. Diagnosis and management of isolated subsegmental pulmonary embolism: review and assessment of the options. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012;18:20-6.
Cuando una prueba es demasiado buena
Arteriogramas pulmonares por TC y embolia pulmonar
La arteriografía pulmonar por TC tiene mucha mayor sensibilidad que la gammagrafía por V-Q para detectar émbolos pulmonares. Su empleo aumentó en un 80% en los ocho años posteriores a su introducción en 1998.
Autor/a: Dres. Wiener RS, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S
Indice
1. Referencias
2. Referencias