1. Jao SW, Beart Jr RW, Spencer RJ, Reiman HM, Ilstrup DM. Retrorectal tumors. Mayo Clinic experience, 1960-1979. Dis Colon Rectum 1985; 28(9): 644-52
2. Spencer RJ, Jackman RJ. Surgical management of precoccygeal cysts. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1962; 115: 449-52
3. Lev-Chelouche D, Gutman M, Goldman G, Even-Sapir E, Meller I, Issakov J et al. Presacral tumors: A practical classification and treatment of a unique and heterogeneous group of diseases. Surgery 2003; 133(5): 473-8
4. Wolpert A, Beer-Gabel M, Lifschitz O, Zbar AP. The management of presacral masses in the adult. Tech Coloproctol 2002; 6(1): 43-9
5. Wang JY, Hsu CH, Changchien CR, Chen JS, Hsu KC, You YT, et al. Presacral tumor: A review of forty-five cases. Am Surg 1995; 61(4): 310-15
6. Gordon PH. Retrorectal tumours. Principles and Practice of Surgery for the Colon, Rectum and Anus. St Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing, 1999: 428-45
7. Luong TV, Salvagni S, Bordi C. Presacral carcinoid tumour. Review of the literature and report of a clinically malignant case. Dig Liver Dis 2005; 37(4): 278-81
8. Wakhlu A, Misra S, Tandon RK, Wakhlu AK. SacrococcyÂgeal teratoma. Pediatr Surg Int 2002; 18(5[147]6): 384-7
9. Avradopoulos KA, Vezeridis MP, Wanebo HJ. Pelvic exenteration for recurrent rectal cancer. Adv Surg 1996; 29: 215-33
10. Wanebo HJ, Koness RJ, Vezeridis MP, Cohen SI, Wrobleski DE. Pelvic resection of recurrent rectal cancer. Ann Surg 1994; 220(4): 586-95
11. Wanebo HJ, Antoniuk P, Koness RJ, Levy A, Vezeridis M, Cohen SI, et al. Pelvic resection of recurrent rectal cancer: Technical considerations and outcomes. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42(11): 1438-48
12. Lee SC, Chun YS, Jung SE, Park KW, Kim WK. Currarino triad: Anorectal malformation, sacral bony abnormality, and presacral mass - a review of 11 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32(1): 58-61
13. Dahan H, Arrive L, Wendum D, Docou lP, Djouhri H, Tubiana JM. Retrorectal developmental cysts in adults: Clinical and radiologic-histopathologic review, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Radiographics 2001; 21(3): 575-84
14. Hjermstad BM, Helwig EB. Tailgut cysts. Report of 53 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1988; 89(2): 139-47
15. Singer MA, Cintron JR, Martz JE, Schoetz DJ, Abcarian H. Retrorectal cyst: A rare tumor frequently misdiagnosed. J Am Coll Surg 2003; 196(6): 880-6
16. Abel ME, Nelson R, Prasad ML, Pearl RK, Orsay CP, Abcarian H. Parasacrococcygeal approach for the resection of retrorectal developmental cysts. Dis Colon Rectum 1985; 28(11): 855-8
17. Rorstad O. Prognostic indicators for carcinoid neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. J Surg Oncol 2005; 89(3): 151-60
18. Horenstein MG, Erlandson RA, Gonzalez-Cueto DM, Rosai J. Presacral carcinoid tumors: Report of three cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22(2): 251-5
19. Andonian S, Karakiewicz PI, Herr HW. Presacral cystic schwannoma in a man. Urology 2003; 62(3): 551
20. Melvin WS. Laparoscopic resection of a pelvic schwannoma. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1996; 6(6): 489-91
21. Popuri R, Davies AM. MR imaging features of giant pre-sacral schwannomas: A report of four cases. Eur Radiol 2002; 12(9): 2365-9
22. Abernathey CD, Onofrio BM, Scheithauer B, Pairolero PC, Shives TC. Surgical management of giant sacral schwannomas. J Neurosurg 1986; 65(3): 286-95
23. Schindler OS, Dixon JH, Case P. Retroperitoneal giant schwannomas: Report on two cases and review of the literature. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2002; 10(1): 77-84
24. Hunter VP, Burke TW, Crooks LA. Retroperitoneal nerve sheath tumours: An unusual cause of pelvic mass. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 71(6 Pt 2): 1050-2
25. Klimo Jr P, Rao G, Schmidt RH, Schmidt MH. Nerve sheath tumours involving the sacrum. Case report and classification scheme. Neurosurg Focus 2003; 15(2): E12
26. Modha A, Paty P, Bilsky MH. Presacral ganglioneuromas. Report of five cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Spine 2005; 2(3): 366-71
27. Deutsch H, Mummaneni PV, Haid RW, Rodts GE, Ondra SL. Benign sacral tumors. Neurosurg Focus 2003; 15(2): E14
28. Capanna R, Ayala A, Bertoni F, Picci P, Calderoni P, Gherlinzoni F, et al. Sacral osteoid osteoma and osteoÂblastoma: A report of 13 cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1986; 105(4): 205-10
29. Pogoda P, Linhart W, Priemel M, Rueger JM, Amling M. Aneurysmal bone cysts of the sacrum. Clinical report and review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2003; 123(5): 247-51
30. Somville J, Van Bouwel S. Surgery for primary bone sarcomas of the pelvis. Acta Orthop Belg 2001; 67(5): 442-7
31. Kawai A, Healey JH, Boland PJ, Lin PP, Huvos AG, Meyers PA. Prognostic factors for patients with sarcomas of the pelvic bones. Cancer 1998; 82(5): 851-9
32. Rodl RW, Hoffmann C, Gosheger G, Leidinger B, Jurgens H, Winkelmann W. Ewing's sarcoma of the pelvis: Combined surgery and radiotherapy treatment. J Surg Oncol 2003; 83(3): 154-60
33. Bull Jr J, Yeh KA, McDonnell D, Caudell P, Davis J. Mature presacral teratoma in an adult male: A case report. Am Surg 1999; 65(6): 586-91
34. Ng EW, Porcu P, Loehrer Sr PJ. Sacrococcygeal teratoma in adults: Case reports and a review of the literature. Cancer 1999; 86(7): 1198-202
35. Bryant P, Leditschke JF, Hewett P. Hereditary presacral teratoma. Aust N Z J Surg 1996; 66(6): 418-20
36. Lack EE, Glaun RS, Hefter LG, Seneca RP, Steigman C, Athari F. Late occurrence of malignancy following resection of a histologically mature sacrococcygeal teratoma. Report of a case and literature review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993; 117(7): 724-8
37. Mahour GH. Sacrococcygeal teratomas. CA Cancer J Clin 1988; 38(6): 362-7
38. Sobrado CW, Mester M, Simonsen OS, Justo CR, deAbreu JN, Habr-Gama A. Retrorectal tumors complicating pregnancy. Report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39(10): 1176-9
39. Cretella JP, Rafal RB, McCarron Jr JP, Markisz JA. MR imaging in the diagnosis of a retroperitoneal schwannoma. Comput Med Imaging Graph 1994; 18(3): 209-12
40. Moulopoulos LA, Karvouni E, Kehagias D, Dimopoulos MA, Gouliamos A, Vlahos L. MR imaging of complex tail-gut cysts. Clin Radiol 1999; 54(2): 118-22
41. Lee KS, Gower DJ, McWhorter JM, Albertson DA. The role of MR imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of anterior sacral meningocele. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1988; 69(4): 628-31
42. Gupta S, Nguyen HL, Morello Jr FA, Ahrar K, Wallace MJ, Madoff DC, et al. Various approaches for CT-guided percutaneous biopsy of deep pelvic lesions: Anatomic and technical considerations. Radiographics 2004; 24(1): 175-89
43. Kohler C, Kuhne-Heid R, Klemm P, Tozzi R, Schneider A. Resection of presacral ganglioneurofibroma by laparoscopy. Surg Endosc 2003; 17(9): 1499
44. Bax NM, van der Zee DC. The laparoscopic approach to sacrococcygeal teratomas. Surg Endosc 2004; 18(1): 128-30
45. Arnaud JP, Tuech JJ, Pessaux P. Management of presacral venous bleeding with the use of thumbtacks. Dig Surg 2000; 17(6): 651-2
46. van der Vurst TJ, Bodegom ME, Rakic S. Tamponade of presacral hemorrhage with hemostatic sponges fixed to the sacrum with endoscopic helical tackers: Report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47(9): 1550-3
47. Hill AD, Menzies-Gow N, Darzi A. Methods of controlling presacral bleeding. J Am Coll Surg 1994; 178(2): 183-4
48. Harrison JL, Hooks VH, Pearl RK, Cheape JD, Lawrence MA, Orsay CP, et al. Muscle fragment welding for control of massive presacral bleeding during rectal mobilization: A review of eight cases. Dis Colon Rectum 2003; 46(8): 1115-7
49. Kraske P, Perry EG, Hinrichs B. A new translation of professor Dr P Kraske's Zur Exstirpation Hochsitzender Mastdarmkrebse. 1885. Aust N Z J Surg 1989; 59(5): 421-4
50. Westbrook KC, Lang NP, Broadwater JR, Thompson BW. Posterior surgical approaches to the rectum. Ann Surg 1982; 195(6): 677-85
51. Kanemitsu T, Kojima T, Yamamoto S, Koike A, Takeshige K, Naruse T. The trans-sphincteric and trans-sacral approaches for the surgical excision of rectal and presacral lesions. Surg Today 1993; 23(10): 860-66
52. Localio SA, Eng K, Ranson JH. Abdominosacral approach for retrorectal tumors. Ann Surg 1980; 191(5): 555-60
53. Pidala MJ, Eisenstat TE, Rubin RJ, Salvati EP. Presacral cysts: Transrectal excision in select patients. Am Surg 1999; 65(2): 112-5
54. Madanes AE, Kennison RD, Mitchell Jr GW. Removal of a presacral tumor via a Schuchardt incision. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 57(6 Suppl): S94-6
55. Idama TO, Tuck CS. Presacral dermoid cyst-an unusual presentation. J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 18(3): 297-8
56. Dunn DH, Binder M, Howard R. Presacral dermoid cyst. Minn Med 1975; 58(5): 374-6
57. Yang DM, Yoon MH, Kim HS, Oh YH, Ha SY, Oh JH, et al. Presacral epidermoid cyst: Imaging findings with histopathologic correlation. Abdom Imaging 2001; 26(1): 79-82
58. Ueda K, Tsunoda A, Nakamura A, Kobayashi H, Shimizu Y, Kusano M, et al. Presacral epidermoid cyst: Report of a case. Surg Today 1998; 28(6): 665-8
59. Saygun O, Avsar FM, Topaloglu S, Yuksel BC, Ozel H, Ustun H, et al. Retrorectal benign cystic teratoma misdiagnosed with high lying pararectal abscess. Hepatogastroenterology 2003; 50 (Suppl 2): cclii-ccliii
60. Head HD, Gerstein JD, Muir RW. Presacral teratoma in the adult. Am Surg 1975; 41(4): 240-8
61. Bass JC, Korobkin M, Francis IR, Ellis JH, Cohan RH. Retroperitoneal plexiform neurofibromas: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994; 163(3): 617-20
62. Duggan MA, Hugh J, Nation JG, Robertson DI, Stuart GC. Ependymoma of the uterosacral ligament. Cancer 1989; 64(12): 2565-71
63. Timmerman W, Bubrick MP. Presacral and postsacral extraspinal ependymoma. Report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 1984; 27(2): 114-9
64. Bal S, Kurtulmus S, Kocyigit H, Gurgan A. A case with cauda equina syndrome due to bacterial meningitis of anterior sacral meningocele. Spine 2004; 29(14): E298-9
65. Hanna AS, Morandi X. Anterior sacral meningocele in pregnancy. Case report. J Neurosurg 2001; 94(1 Suppl): 162-4
66. Krivokapic Z, Grubor N, Micev M, Colovic R. Anterior sacral meningocele with presacral cysts: Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47(11):1965-9
67. Chodoff RJ, Scarf M. Neurofibrosarcoma; a rare presacral tumor. J Albert Einstein Med Cent (Phila) 1954; 2(4): 151-8
68. Yonemoto T, Tatezaki S, Takenouchi T, Ishii T, Satoh T, Moriya H. The surgical management of sacrococcygeal chordoma. Cancer 1999; 85(4): 878-83
69. Kaiser TE, Pritchard DJ, Unni KK. Clinicopathologic study of sacrococcygeal chordoma. Cancer 1984; 53(11): 2574-8
70. Bethke KP, Neifeld JP, Lawrence Jr W. Diagnosis and management of sacrococcygeal chordoma. J Surg Oncol 1991; 48(4): 232-8
71. Foruhan B, Jennings PJ. Unusual presacral tumours obstructing delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978; 85(3): 231-3
72. Rifkin MD, Marks GJ. Transrectal US as an adjunct in the diagnosis of rectal and extrarectal tumors. Radiology 1985; 157(2): 499-502
73. Yang GC, Coleman B, Daly JM, Gupta PK. Presacral myelolipoma. Report of a case with fine needle aspiration cytology and immunohistochemical and histochemical studies. Acta Cytol 1992; 36(6): 932-36
74. Saboorian MH, Timmerman TG, Ashfaq R, Maiese RL. Fine-needle aspiration of a presacral myelolipoma: A case presentation with flow cytometry and immunohistochemical studies. Diagn Cytopathol 1999; 20(1): 47-51
75. Sutker B, Balthazar EJ, Fazzini E. Presacral myelolipoma: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1985; 9(6): 1128-30
76. El Nazeer AO, Ahmed ME. Presacral fibroma in a young laborer presenting with chronic lumbago. Saudi Med J 2002; 23(6): 746-7
77. Lilius HG, Isomaki AM. Presacral liposarcoma. Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn 1972; 61(4): 2335
78. Mourra N, Caplin S, Parc R, Flejou JF. Presacral neuroendocrine carcinoma developed in a tailgut cyst: Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 2003; 46(3): 411-3
79. Theunissen P, Fickers M, Goei R. Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the presacral region. J Clin Pathol 2001; 54(11): 880-2
80. Song DE, Park JK, Hur B, Ro JY. Carcinoid tumor arising in a tailgut cyst of the anorectal junction with distant metastasis: A case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004; 128(5): 578-80